•                 TERRORISM
• What is Terrorism?
• It is an unlawful act of violence which intimidates governments or societies
• Its goal is to achieve political, religious or ideological objectives.
  
  
• Early History of Terrorism
  
• Suicidal martyrdom dates back to thousands of years in most societies and religions. 
• Terrorism against the enemy is often viewed as a religious act.
• The term "terrorism" was coined in the French Revolution's Reign of Terror (1793 – 1794). .
  
• This was the birth of Government-Sponsored Terrorism
  
• Goal of State terrorism was to eliminate opposition, consolidate power.
  
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• Modern History of Terrorism
  
• Anarchists were seen in the late 19^th century
  
• Individual terrorism
  
  • The use of selective terror against an individual in order to bring down a government, e.g. Lincoln"s assassination.
• • Terrorism became tool of communication, propaganda.
    
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  • An act of terrorism could rapidly spread a message world wide, e.g. the Kennedy killing.
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• Middle 20^th century, terrorism became a tool to end colonialism especially in Africa.
  
  
• The last 20 years of of the 20^th century brought religious based terrorism in Northern Ireland, the Middle East, East Timor and many other places.
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• Terrorism is Asymmetric Warfare
  
  
  • Asymmetric warfare is the use of apparently random/unpredictable violence by a weak military against a stronger military to gain advantage
     
  • The key of Asymmetric warfare is using unexpected, unconventional tactics in combat.
   
• Terrorism conclusions
  
• Terrorism is an ancient tactic.
  
• Terrorism is a mode of communication.
  
• Terrorism is a special type of violence.
  
• Terrorism is used in times of peace, conflicts and war.
  
• Terrorism is designed to make a point, through psychological means- fear.
  
• Terrorism is a political act.
  
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• Types of Terrorism
  
  
  
  • Domestic terrorism involves groups whose terrorist activities are directed at elements of our government without foreign involvement. Oklahoma City is a primary example.
    
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  • International terrorism involves groups whose terrorist activities are foreign-based and/or directed by countries or groups outside the United States. Sept. 11 is an example of International Terrorism.
    
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• Methods of Terrorism
  
• Nuclear Weapon 
• Biological Agents
• Chemical Agents
• Explosive and Incendiary Devices.
  
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• Nuclear Terrorism
  
  • Spreading of radioactive materials through ventilation system or explosion
  • Disable nuclear reactor cooling system and cause leakage of radioactive materials
  • Detonate a nuclear weapon.
    
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• Biological terrorism
  
• Dispersal of microbes or their toxins to produce illness, death and terror
  
• The paths of infection can be contaminated water, food, air and packages.
  
• Microbes
  
  • Bacteria
    
  • Viruses
    
  • Toxins
    
• Is this something new?
  
• 14th Century – Kaffa
  
  • City on Crimean Peninsula 
• Hurled plague infested corpses over walls of city to infest it
  
• Is this something new?
  
  18^th Century French and Indian War
  
  • British Officers gave blankets from smallpox victims to Indians aligned with French
  • Caused an epidemic in tribes
  • Effective means of incapacitating group
    
• Methods of Bioterrorism
  
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• Chemical Agents
  
• Chemical agents kill or incapacitate people, destroy livestock or ravage crops. 
• Some agents are odorless and tasteless.
• They can have an immediate or a delayed effect.
  
• Example of Chemical Terrorism
  
• Sarin nerve agent attacked the Tokyo subway system in March 20, 1995.
  

• Sarin gas attack on March 20, 1995 in the Tokyo subway: Aum Shinri Kyo (Supreme Truth) cult deposited two containers containing Sarin poison gas in the Tokyo subway system.
  
  • 12 killed and up to 5000 hospitalized
    
  • Could have been much worse…air circulation evacuated most of the gas 
  • Why did terrorism draw considerable attention in 2001?
    
  • No evidence that terrorism is increasing
    
  • The risk of dying from terrorism was extremely low in 1990's, and was still relatively low compared with some diseases in 2001
    
  • But the risk increased by 500 times in 2001 due to Sept. 11
    
  • Overall the risk of terrorism has not been high
    
  • Despite the low risk, shock, surprise and fear engulfed our country and world
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  • Conclusion
    
  • Terrorism is an unlawful act
    
  • Terrorism has a long history of being used to achieve political, religious and ideological objectives
    
  • Terrorism can be conducted through nuclear, biological, chemical agents and explosive devices
    
  • The risk of dying from terrorism is much lower than that from motor vehicles, smoking, and alcoholic beverage.